7 enemies in all environments
fear and panic
cold
thirst
disorientation and confusion
pain
injury
planning survival:
waterproof materials
know weather/climate where you're going, get road maps, topo maps
talk to a professional in area that's knowledgeable of the outdoor activity you're planning
leave with a responsible person knowing you're itinerary, medication someone's on
check in and check out of the area you're visiting, if there's a sign in/sign out you
should sign it.
let a ranger know where you're going and when you're coming back
forecasting weather
wind altitude cold heat rain lightning
be prepared for the worst wherever you are
lightning kills about 200 people a year
never be on the water in a lightning storm
never be on a mountain ridge
never under a large tree
lightning strikes a tree, it bounces around the area
study the different cloud types: puffy clouds are cumulous, flat are called stratus
wind and barometric pressure study can help
signs of bad weather coming
1clouds stack up and thicken
2wind blows strong in morning
3 barometer falls
signs of good weather
1. clouds decrease
2. sky turns red in evening with sun appearing like a fireball
3. Barometric pressure rises
handling emergency
learn first aid
cut, scratch, scrape, burn, strain, sprain, facture
be careful, and be clean, eliminate a lot of infection by keeping body clean
have topical antibiotic or disinfectant soap
space blanket, offers shelter, means of signaling, useful for first aid
series of diagnostic signs for first aid:
1. air sign, notice the position of head and neck, if it’s scrunched up, don't suspect head
or neck injury, move obstruction, lower head, raise jaw.
check for rise and fall of chest or lean over and feel air on side of the face. if not
breathing, practice cpr.
If person is breathing, monitor respiration rate: adult= 12-20 breaths a minute
2. blood signs,
look for bleeding parts of the body
if bleeding is present, stop it by applying direct pressure with bandages, if a bandage
bleeds through, ad another compress, taking it away would stop the clotting action that
should occur within 6 to 10 minutes, don't apply tourniquet
pulse, radial pulse=wrist, carotid pulse=neck
monitor pulse rate adult=60-100 bmp
3. mental signs
establish communication
ask if has pain
ask to move body parts to make sure doesn't have temporary paralysis
4. skin signs
skin color, is it normal, pale, blue
hot and dry or wet
shock: anything can bring it about
what the skin condition is, cold wet?, another sign, weak and rapid pulse, shallow rapid
breathing.
treat shock be keeping body temp near 98.6
elevate the feet
insulate person from the ground, ground will steal body heat
heat exhaustion/heat stroke
exhaustion is almost a form of shock, symptoms person showing a lot of moisture, rapid
pulse and breathing, move person to cooler location treat for shock
heat stroke: hot dry skin, as much as 110 degrees, serious medical condition, lower body
temp any way you can. don't go below normal body temp
number one outdoor emergency killer: hypothermia. symptoms: shivering, loss of body
coordination, sleepiness, lapsing into coma, death.
reverse cooling of body, apply heat to head, neck, chest and groin areas. when shivering
stops, administer warm fluids, no alcohol coffee or other stimulants
snake bite. bees and ants kill more people than snakes ever did. 25% of people bitten by
poisonous snakes are not invenomated.
look for puncture marks, if on upper limb remove wrings or things would restrict, get
person to help
don't cut, don't place a tourniquet, don't use ice, don't give alcohol
shelter
avoid mountain tops or ridges because of wind
stay away from dry stream beds in deserts because of flash floods
avoid dead or tall trees
avalanche zones or rock slides
good location:
signals, out of wind, firewood,
improvised shelters
only make them size of personal comfort, gear, and firewood
space blanket in cold: wrap around you and light a candle inside, could save your life
space blanket in desert: 2 blankets separated vertically by a couple feet to create air
temperature , make a shade shelter, make a pit, creates 40 degree difference under shelter
always in a desert cover your head. long sleeve cotton clothing, never travel in daytime.
always move at night, early morning or early evening
site selection: where there's fuel and open space
snow shelter: use space blankets to stop drip from snow above
use bows
build fire up off the snow
snow cave: borrow into a deep drift
treating water
you can only live about 3 days without water
average daily need is about 2 quarts
ration your sweat
respiration, urination lose water
always carry water with you when you're outdoors
if you dont have it, it can be found in nature, streams, lakes, snow, ice, plants, dew,
rain, water found in ground.
survival still: dig a 3 foot wide/deep whole, need pot or container, siphon hose, plastic
cover, green vegetation. sun will make the ground sweat, condensation on plastic, rocks on
plastic make a valley, condensation drips into container. make sure plastic covering is
securing covered and packed air tight. make sure drinking tube goes completely to the
bottom of the container. water produced by stills need not be treated. you need several
stills to have enough water to survive. leave over night.
be prepared to treat all water today. 4 main means: boiling, filtration, chlorine
treatment, iodine treatment.
boil at least 10 minutes, add one minute per thousand feet above sea level
filtration: need sophisticated filters, 2 microns or smaller, they won't filter out all the
pathogens, chlorine sometimes fails. Chlorine tablets lose potency, subject to exposure to
air and cold. iodine kills most organisms most of the time. potable iodine, and tincture of
iodine.
how it works:
use handkerchief to filter water
treat it by pouring half of the fluid of your water generator into the water
wait a half an hour
in the generating bottle, there are crystals in the bottle, they're poisonous, make sure
they're not getting in your water. avoid if pregnant, thyroid disease, or iodine allergy.
making fire
tender, bark dry non resinous wood, rope that's frayed, all made into birds nest structure
add fuel smallest to largest
burning glass
until early 1900s, flint and steel kits with burning glass
pocket knife and shoe lace, bow drill and hand drill
Bow drill:
bow, string, fireboard, socket, woodchip to catch ember under a notch, align body over the
drill, wrist tight back to the leg
cut notch into the fire board
flint and steel:
flint, quartz, quartzite, chert, chard cloth or preignited wood,
char cloth: denim, t-shirt, charred wood, seal in can heat materials in can over fire, burn
off the gases. pick the can up, seal the lid tight, set away from fire to cool.
use sharp edge of stone, put char cloth above stone right above the stone edge, strike with
steel, the bit of steel will spark and ignite the char cloth. move cloth into birds nest
signaling rescue
reflecting light, creating light, making sound, being visible
flashlight, reflector,
day smoke/night flares
suvival signaling mirror can be seen more than 20 miles.
whistle
three gun shots means that you need help
beat a stick on a log, noise can be heard for a half mile
make light smoke by placing organic material that's heavy in water on the fire
dark smoke by burning oil soaked cloth
open place away from trees, lay out
intl ground to air signal
acquiring food
bush hook fishing
spring hooks trap: bait stick, trigger toggle, wire, enclosure
figure 4 dead fall, depending on size you can kill anything.
figure 4 trigger mechanism, base log buried, weight on top of trigger stick,
Ojibwa bird snare, catch bird hold by foot, don't kill birds, out in open area with few
perching sites. drill a whole in limb, square perch trigger stick, bait or make a natural
perch
pole snare or tangle snare, fasten at night, tie little loops along a thin branch, little
hitch knots
120k different types of plants
pine needle tea
all grass, all grass seeds are good to eat
all birds and all bird eggs are good to eat
if you see animals, not birds, primates, deer aren’t good, small game, follow them and see
what they're eating, try it, barely taste it. bitter sour milky, don’t eat it. if you can
hold it on tongue or between teeth and cheek and you don't feel any discomfort. wait 24
hours and try more.
nature was the first super market, it fed our ancestors
understanding navigation:
compass: pointing or arrow indicated, base plate, housing.
be careful positioning compass away from possibly magnetized metal
use geologic maps, show difference from directional north vs. magnetic north
natural method, 2 sticks, mark spots at tip of shadow at one point in the day, then one
later,
in the dark, you can take a pointer stick and a reference stick, line up on a star. 15
minutes later, look again, the direction it moved will tell you east to west. make sure
corner stick and reference stick line up to the star. stars travel east to west
nail shadow on finger nail
solar, lunar, and stellar navigation
orienteering:
adjust the compass to the maps magnetic north
from a known reference point find the magnetic north indicator, then see at what degree a
straight line can be made to get the point on the map that you're trying to find.
constellations:
Orion, center belt straight line to North Star
big dipper corner star opposite the and points to North Star
moon, if the moon is in the first quarter, shiny side points west ward
in last quarter, shiny side points east ward
assembling tools
aluminum foil
have high quality compass
candles
water bag
bouillon cubes
means of starting fire, several
sewing kit
strings on gear packs/kits so you can't lose them
water purification
survival fishing kit, hooks, spinners, line, fly baits,
old soap dish organizers, burning glass, signal mirror and string, sharpening stone,
magnesium block, wire saw, Morse code/air to ground signaling on small laminated card
variety of lines, rope to nylon, snare wires, wire cutters for snares,
insect repellant
small vile of salt
fishing tips and broad head tips for spears and arrows
large fishing hook
extra line
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